PERIANAL FISTULAE

 (also called “perineal fistulae,” “anorectal abscesses,”
“perianal fissures,” “perianal sinuses,” and “pararectal fistulae.”)

Most people are not in the habit of inspecting the area under their dog’s tail unless the dog seems to be doing something that indicates a problem. Signs of a problem might include licking under the tail, scooting the rear end on the ground, or seeming to be in pain when sitting or raising the tail. When the tail is lifted and the anus inspected, a dog with perianal fistulae will show deep open crevices, some oozing pus, all around the anal sphincter. It may not be possible to get a good look as pain may preclude lifting the tail but odor may be noted, and the dog might be straining to defecate. There is also an association of perianal fistulae with the mucous diarrhea of colitis so that might be seen as well. Perinanal fistulae wax and wane but ultimately over time the condition is progressive, ulcerating the surface of the anus and its surroundings.

WHAT CAUSES THIS CONDITION? 

TREATMENT

This condition is an immune-mediated disease and treatment centers on suppressing the immune reaction that is causing the problem and this means immunosuppressive drugs as the centerpiece of therapy. It should be realized from the beginning that it will take 2-5 months to get the lesions under control and that maintenance therapy may be needed for the remainder of the animal’s life. The good news is that control can usually be achieved and continued with maintenance levels of medication.

IMMUNE-SUPPRESSION

In older times, an assortment of surgical procedures were used to trim the diseased tissues of the perineal fistulae but immunomodulating drugs have largely supplanted surgery. In particular two medications have emerged: cyclosporine (an oral drug) and tacrolimus (a topical drug). Many dogs will need both to control their disease at least at first but often eventually the topical product can be used alone once the painful nature of the condition has been controlled.

CYCLOSPORINE
Cyclosporine was originally developed for organ transplant patients to prevent organ rejection by modulating the immune response without necessarily suppressing it. Medication is given twice daily and improvement should be seen within the first two weeks of use. Cyclosporine is an expensive medication and there is tremendous controversy over whether or not generics are bioequivalent (see our pharmacy page on cyclosporine for more details on this issue). Only microemulsion forms of cyclosporine are effective which usually means a brand name veterinary product. Higher dose protocols seem to yield faster more sustained results.

As mentioned, improvement is typically obvious within the first two weeks though several months are needed for resolution of lesions. After the disease is controlled, cyclosporine may be tapered off over another 3-5 months. Approximately 50% of dogs will not be able to fully discontinue medications and their symptoms will recur within 2-12 months if a maintenance schedule is not implemented. This could involve tacrolimus (see below) or cyclosporine or both.

Cyclosporine tissue levels can be boosted (and overall financial expense reduced) with the concurrent use of ketoconazole, an antifungal drug. This "trick" can be used to cut the dose of cyclosporine and save money. There is controversy regarding whether blood levels of cyclosporine area helpful in determining dose and what the relationship actually is between tissue levels and blood levels. Because of the long term use needed to control perianal fistulae, it is best to monitor liver enzymes or liver function tests in the patient; cyclosporine blood levels may or may not be recommended by your doctor.

(original graphic by marvistavet.com)

TACROLIMUS
Tacrolimus is a much stronger immunomodulator than cyclosporine and because it can be applied directly to the fistulae, high tissue levels can be achieved right in the area they are needed. The potential for side effects and expense is also much more favorable than that of cyclosporine but only 50% of dogs experienced resolution with tacrolimus alone after 16 weeks versus 85% with cyclosporine. That said, most dogs are extremely painful when therapy is initiated and will likely not allow any sort of topical application at least not at first. In a perfect world, both oral cyclosporine and topical tacrolimus are used simultaneously but after the condition is controlled, tacrolimus can be used to prevent recurrence It is important to wear gloves when applying tacrolimus as this medication has been linked to an increased risk of cancer in humans (but not in dogs).

OTHER OPTIONS

Cyclosporine currently dominates treatment for this condition but it is an expensive drug and it may not be feasible to use it for months on end in a large breed dog. In this event, prednisolone has been used but there are undesirable side effects with high dose steroid use (extreme thirst, increased appetite, weight gain, panting, muscle loss) and approximately 30% of dogs will not respond.

Azathioprine is a stronger immune-suppressive drug. The above side effects are not associated with its use though bone marrow suppression is possible and some monitoring tests are generally recommended. Because it takes some time to exert its effects it is commonly combined with prednisolone at least at first. Approximately 50% of dogs were able to achieve remission with azathioprine in combination with a limited ingredient diet (see below).

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY BEYOND IMMUNE SUPPRESSION

ANTIBIOTICS
Since these lesions are commonly infected at least at the beginning of treatment, antibiotics are typically prescribed. A topical antibiotic may be helpful for long term infection control. It is important to realize that antibiotics alone will not control this deeply rooted problem; they are merely adjunctive to control complicating infections.

STOOL SOFTENERS
Because of the ulcerations, defecation may be painful. To minimize the straining, stool softeners may be prescribed.

NOVEL PROTEIN/LIMITED INGREDIENT DIET
Food allergy seems to be a possible etiology in this condition so using foods that the patient could not possibly be allergic to has been a recommended adjunctive therapy. Such diets are typically made from unusual protein sources such as rabbit, duck, kangaroo, fish, or venison. Most veterinary hospitals stock an appropriate food. It is important to note that there is nothing especially hypoallergenic about these unusual proteins; the idea is that the patient has likely never eaten them before. If the patient has never been exposed to these proteins, there should be no possibility of allergy (developing allergy requires multiple exposures to a protein).

SURGERY - IF IMMUNE SUPPRESSION FAILS

Before the advent of cyclosporine, perianal fistulae were treated surgically with mixed results. Presently, surgery is only recommended for patients for whom immunosuppression has failed or where the anal glands are involved. The goal of surgery is to remove the proliferative or dead tissue, prevent or treat any anal or rectal strictures (narrowed areas caused by scarring), and change the “environment” of the perineal region. Tail amputation may be required; in fact, in one study, tail amputation alone was 80% successful in preventing recurrence of the fistulae.

If the anal glands are involved in the fistulae, they will have to be removed. In milder cases, chemical cauterization of fistulae (which destroys abnormal tissue and allows normal tissue to heal in) may be helpful. Cryotherapy, where a freezing agent is used instead of a chemical one, has been less effective (more scarring, less control over the area treated etc.) Laser therapy, on the other hand, has been 95% successful in preventing recurrence and controlling pain (20% of patients developed fecal incontinence but most of these cases were controlled with diet).

The more extensive the surgery, the more the potential for complications. Stool softeners are typically needed for a month after surgery and the owner should be comfortable cleaning the anal area. Fecal incontinence, narrowed anus, and inability to control the fistulation are the chief complications with surgery.

Perianal fistulae have become vastly more treatable with the advent of newer medications but, while excellent results are now within reach of many dogs, long term management is necessary and the best treatments involve some expense and effort. It is important to periodically recheck with your veterinarian with regard to progress of the lesions so that treatment can be appropriately modified.

For more information, visit the American College of Veterinary Surgeons page at:

www.acvs.org/small-animal/perianal-fistulas/

Page posted: 5/13/09
Page last updated: 6/6/2025